The association of alcohol use and heavy drinking with subsequent handgun carrying among youth from rural areas.

PURPOSE: Alcohol use and handgun carrying are more prevalent among youth in rural than urban areas and their association may be stronger among rural adolescents. Alcohol use may be modifiable with implications for reducing handgun carrying and firearm-related harm. We examined the association between lagged alcohol use and subsequent handgun carrying in rural areas and examined variation in the association by developmental stages, hypothesizing that it would be stronger among adolescents than youth adults. METHODS: We used a longitudinal sample of 2,002 adolescents from ages 12 to 26 growing up in 12 rural communities in 7 states with surveys collected from 2004 to 2019. We estimated the association of lagged past-month alcohol use on handgun carrying in the subsequent 12 months using population-average generalized estimating equations with logistic regression on multiply imputed data. FINDINGS: During adolescence (ages 12-18), those who drank heavily had 1.43 times the odds (95% CI = [1.01, 2.03]) of subsequent handgun carrying compared to those who did not drink alcohol, and those who consumed alcohol but did not drink heavily had 1.30 times the odds of subsequent handgun carrying compared to those who did not drink (95% CI = [0.98, 1.71]). During young adulthood (ages 19-26), associations of alcohol use (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = [0.94, 1.63]) and heavy drinking (OR = 1.38; 95% CI = [1.08, 1.68]) were similar to adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol use and subsequent handgun carrying were positively associated during adolescence and young adulthood among individuals who grew up in rural areas, similar to findings in urban areas. Reducing alcohol use may be an important strategy to prevent handgun carrying and firearm-related harm among young people in rural areas.

Juventudes rurales en América Latina: evidencias desde la literatura académica

Estudiosos del tema plantean la imposibilidad de definir a la juventud de manera homogénea. Ante su diversidad, este artículo se centra analizar las dinámicas políticas, sociales, culturales y económicas de las juventudes rurales en América Latina en el período 2000-2021. Para ello, se desarrolló una revisión documental en la base de datos Scielo a través de las investigaciones que abordan a esta población en el siglo XXI. Los resultados exponen cuatro principales ejes de análisis: identidades y representaciones; la preocupación por el envejecimiento del campo; el territorio y las estrategias de vida; y por último las violencias. Se concluye que analizar las juventudes rurales pasa por reflexionar sobre su invisibilidad en los estudios, a la vez que evidencia las grandes problemáticas/ potencialidades que involucran a las juventudes en América Latina.

Scholars argue that it is impossible to define youth in a homogeneous way. Given their diversity, this article focuses on analyzing the political, social, cultural, and economic dynamics of rural youth in Latin America in the 2000-2021 period. To this end, a documentary review was carried out in the Scielo database of research on this population in the 21st century. The results show four main axes of analysis: identities and representations; concern for the aging of the countryside; territory and life strategies; and finally, violence. It is concluded that analyzing rural youth entails reflecting on their invisibility in studies, while at the same time, it highlights the major issues/potentialities that involve youth in Latin America.

Bullying and physical violence and their association with handgun carrying among youth growing up in rural areas.

OBJECTIVES: This study builds on prior research showing a strong relationship between handgun carrying and delinquent behaviors among urban youth by examining the association between handgun carrying trajectories and various types of violence in a rural sample. METHODS: This study uses data from a longitudinal cohort study of 2002 public school students in the United States from 12 rural communities across 7 states from ages 12-26 (2005-2019). We used logistic regressions to assess associations of various bullying and physical violence behaviors with latent trajectories of handgun carrying from adolescence through young adulthood. RESULTS: Compared to youth with very low probabilities of carrying a handgun in adolescence and young adulthood, trajectories with high probabilities of handgun carrying during adolescence or young adulthood were associated with greater odds of using bullying (odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.9 to 11.2) and higher odds of using physical violence during adolescence (ORs ranging from 1.5 to 15.9) and young adulthood (ORs ranging from 1.9 to 4.7). These trajectories with higher probabilities of handgun carrying were also associated with greater odds of experiencing physical violence like parental physical abuse and intimate partner violence, but not bullying. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Experiencing and using bullying and physical violence were associated with specific patterns of handgun carrying among youth growing up in rural areas. Handgun carrying could be an important focus of violence prevention programs among those youth.

Support over Social Media among Socially Isolated Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Rural U.S. during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Opportunities for Intervention Research.

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) rural adolescents are at risk for higher levels of social isolation, a well-known risk factor for depression and other negative health outcomes. We qualitatively examined how rural SGM youth seek emotional and informational support, which are protective factors for social isolation on social media (SM) regarding their SGM identity, and determined which SM platforms and tools are most effective in providing support. We conducted semistructured online interviews with rural SGM teens who screened positive for social isolation in spring 2020 and used a thematic analysis approach to analyze the data. Sixteen youths participated in interviews. Themes included seeking emotional support through SM groups and communities, seeking emotional support in designated online SGM spaces, using SM feeds for informational support, and disclosing SGM identity differentially across platforms. SM-based interventions could be leveraged to provide emotional and informational support for rural SGM youth across specific SM platforms and consider whether they are providing emotional or information support. Interventions focused on informational support may best be used on content-based platforms. Those designed to combat social isolation and connect marginalized SGM youths to similar others might benefit from community and forum-based platforms.

Tobacco use among Appalachian adolescents: An urgent need for virtual scale out of effective interventions.

Tobacco use, typically initiated during adolescence, can escalate into young adulthood, even among experimenting or intermittent users. Despite declines in cigarette smoking among US adolescents, use of other tobacco products and poly-tobacco are on the rise among Appalachian adolescents. Unfortunately, Appalachian adolescent tobacco users also are less likely to receive effective tobacco interventions due to various barriers: a) accessibility (e.g. service and provider shortages, affordability, and transportation; b) acceptability (e.g. issues of privacy and stigma); and c) cultural relevance. The present review provides critical considerations synthesized from an extensive body of literature on the suitability of virtual tobacco interventions, the need for well-timed interventions that address complex tobacco use, and the rationale for leveraging and scaling evidence-based interventions inform novel interventions for Appalachian adolescent tobacco users. Borrowing strength from existing in-person evidence-based adolescent tobacco interventions and state-of-the-art virtual health services, a well-planned virtual scale out of tobacco interventions holds potential to minimize barriers unique to Appalachia.

Relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais de jovens rurais no sertão de Pernambuco: entre modos de subjetivação e resistências cotidianas / Affective-sexual relationships of rural youth in the rural area of Pernambuco: between modes of subjectivation and everyday resistance / Relaciones afectivo-sexuales de la juventud rural en el área rural de Pernambuco: entre modos de subjetivación y resistencia cotidiana

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar como os jovens rurais vivenciam os valores rurais nos seus relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais no Sertão de Pernambuco. O desenho metodológico foi pautado na pesquisa no cotidiano, por meio da observação participante, e de entrevistas com jovens estudantes de uma escola pública da região. Apesar das mudanças nas áreas rurais, os jovens vivenciam valores camponeses alicerçados no interconhecimento, no valor-família, honra familiar e nas hierarquias intergeracional e de gênero. No cotidiano, criam resistências que objetivam outras possibilidades de existência e de vivências afetivo-sexuais, por meio de deslocamentos, linhas de fugas e recusas parciais desses valores.

This article aims to analyze how rural youth experience rural values in their affective-sexual relationships in the rural area of Pernambuco. The methodological design was based on daily research, through participant observation, and interviews with young students from a public school in the region. Despite changes in rural areas, young people experience peasant values based on inter-knowledge, family value, family honor and intergenerational and gender hierarchies. In everyday life, they create resistance, which aim at other possibilities of existence and affective-sexual experiences, through displacements, lines of escape and partial refusals of these values.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo los jóvenes rurales experimentan los valores rurales en sus relaciones afectivo-sexuales en el área rural de Pernambuco. El diseño metodológico se basó en la investigación diaria, a través de la observación participante, y entrevistas con jóvenes estudiantes de una escuela pública de la región. A pesar de los cambios en las zonas rurales, los jóvenes experimentan valores campesinos basados en el interconocimiento, el valor familiar, el honor familiar y las jerarquías intergeneracionales y de género. En la vida cotidiana crean resistencias, que apuntan a otras posibilidades de existencia y vivencias afectivo-sexuales, a través de desplazamientos, líneas de escape y rechazos parciales de estos valores.

Needs ranking: A qualitative study using a participatory approach.

Youth disengagement is a growing concern globally, yet little research has been done to explore participatory approaches that can engage youth as co-creators of community programs that improve their resilience. The primary objective of the study is to report on the results of an innovative participatory approach used in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces, South Africa, to engage vulnerable youth in needs ranking. Data for this paper were collected in three phases. Using information gleaned from the literature review (Phase I), authors compiled a list of core needs on separate cards. In Phase II, youth discussed and ranked each need in terms of importance for their community. In Phase III, youth participated in focus group discussions on the ranked needs as part of a broader discussion on youth risk behaviours. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. Needs ranking data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Although expressed priority needs differed amongst communities, combined data revealed the top expressed priorities as further education (priority 1; 85%), skills development (priority 2; 74%) and career development and training (priority 3; 68%). Differences between critical needs as discussed in the literature and those perceived by youth were noted. Focus group data validated the expressed priority needs and highlighted that vulnerable youth felt valued through the needs ranking activity. Involving youth in the assessment of their needs can improve the value of information obtained, which in turn can facilitate better allocation of community resources.

Intake of Fruits, Vegetables, and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages among a Sample of Children in Rural Northern Ontario, Canada.

There is evidence to suggest that dietary intake of children differs by rural/urban place of residence: rural children may have a higher intake of foods high in fat and sugar than those living in urban environments. The aim of this study was to examine the intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) and the frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption, among a sample of rural children in Northern Ontario, Canada, in two different seasons. Sociodemographic factors and children's FV and SSB intake were measured using two repeated cross-sectional surveys, and seasonal information was based on the month of data collection. Logistic regressions were used to examine the odds of children eating five or more FVs, and the odds of 'frequently or always' consuming SSBs. During the fall, children reported eating five or more FV more often, when compared to winter (53.9% vs. 48.3%). In the fall, 25.8% of children reported 'frequently or always' drinking SSB, compared with 16.9% in winter. Indigenous children were less likely to eat five or more FV (OR 0.34 (95% CI 0.12-0.95)) in the fall when compared to non-Indigenous children. Findings indicate that intake of FV among rural students in this region is low, and the frequency of SSB is high, when compared with national recommendations.

«Somos estudiantes del campo¼: identificaciones de jóvenes rurales en Entre Ríos (Argentina) / «We are students of the countryside¼. Identities and identifications of rural youth in Entre Ríos (Argentina) / «Somos estudantes de campo¼. Identificações de jovens rurais em Entre Ríos (Argentina)

Resumen (analítico) La extensión de la escolaridad en Argentina y la creación de escuelas secundarias en el campo ha significado transformaciones en el espacio rural y las juventudes rurales. A partir de una investigación realizada desde el enfoque histórico-etnográfico en el norte de la provincia de Entre Ríos, advertimos que la escuela secundaria es el espacio privilegiado de sociabilidad de las y los jóvenes y nos centramos en la Fiesta del Estudiante Rural para comprender los procesos de identificación de estas juventudes. La condición de juventud y la condición de estudiante están estrechamente implicadas en el espacio rural y las y los jóvenes construyen identificaciones por oposición a sus pares urbanos y en relación con el campo, entendido en tanto paisaje natural escindido de las actividades productivas y laborales de la ruralidad.

Abstract (analytical) he rollout of public education across the country in Argentina and the building of secondary schools in the countryside generated transformations for rural areas and rural youth. This study uses a historical-ethnographic approach to conduct research in the northern area of the province of Entre Ríos. The authors identified that secondary school is a privileged space for the social development of young people, focusing on the Rural Student Festival to understand these youth identities. The youth condition and the student condition are closely linked to rural areas. Rural young people construct identifications that are in opposition to urban students and aligned with the countryside, which they understand as a natural landscape that is unrelated to agricultural and labor activities.

Resumo (analítico) A extensão da escolaridade na Argentina e a criação de escolas secundárias no campo geraram transformações no meio rural e na juventude rural. A partir de uma investigação realizada a partir de uma abordagem histórico-etnográfica no norte da província de Entre Ríos, afirmamos que o ensino médio é o espaço privilegiado de sociabilidade dos jovens e nos concentramos no Festival do Estudante Rural para compreender as identidades destes jovens. A condição de jovem e a condição de estudante estão intimamente envolvidas no meio rural e os jovens constroem identificações em oposição aos estudantes urbanos e em relação ao campo, entendido como paisagem natural alheia às atividades produtivas e laborais do campo.

Mirada ecológica en la construcción del proyecto de vida de jóvenes rurales / Ecological perspective of the construction of life projects by rural youth / Uma perspectiva ecológica na construção do projeto de vida dos jovens rurais

Resumen (analítico) El proyecto de vida de la juventud rural colombiana transita por dificultades en su planeación y desarrollo. Por ende, este estudio busca identificar los factores que interfieren en la construcción del proyecto de vida en jóvenes rurales, con una metodología de investigación cualitativa, enfoque etnometodológico y diseño transversal. Se emplearon como técnicas de recolección de información entrevistas semies tructuradas, grupos focales, observación y análisis documental. Participaron 117 adolescentes, ocho docentes y seis padres de familia. Los resultados facilitaron comprender los factores individuales y sociales que inciden en el proyecto de vida de la juventud rural desde el modelo ecológico, que aborda la relación del adolescente rural con las características de su contexto y específicamente desde el microsistema, mesosistema, exosistema y macrosistema.

Abstract (analytical) The life projects of Colombian young people in rural areas are facing difficulties in terms of planning and implementation. This study sought to identify the factors that affect rural young people's construction of life projects. This involved the use of a qualitative research methodology, ethnomethodological approach and cross-sectional design. Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, participant observation and documentary analysis were selected as data collection techniques. A total of 117 adolescents, 8 teachers and 6 parents participated. Using the ecological model, the results facilitated understanding of the individual and social factors that influence the life projects of rural youth. The study identified the importance of the relationship of rural adolescents with the characteristics of their context and specifically the microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems they inhabit.

Resumo (analítico) O projeto de vida da juventude rural colombiana está passando por dificuldades em seu planejamento e desenvolvimento, portanto, este estudo procura identificar os fatores que interferem na construção do projeto de vida na juventude rural, com uma metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa, abordagem etnometodológica e desenho transversal. Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, grupos de foco, observação e análise documental como técnicas de coleta de dados. Participaram um total de 117 adolescentes, 8 professores e 6 pais participaram. Os resultados facilitaram uma compreensão dos fatores individuais e sociais que influenciam o projeto de vida dos jovens rurais a partir do modelo ecológico, que aborda a relação dos adolescentes rurais com as características de seu contexto e especificamente do microssistema, mesossistema, exossistema e macrossistema.

Investigating the Adoption of Precautionary Behaviors Among Young Rural Adults in South Iran During COVID-19.

COVID-19 is an unprecedented challenge for public health worldwide. Reducing the incidence of the disease requires protective measures to prevent virus transmission. Understanding those factors influencing preventive behavior is the first step in preventing the spread of the disease. This study investigates factors affecting youth intention and preventive behaviors in the face of COVID-19 through the health belief model by using a cross-sectional survey collected through an online questionnaire. The sample comprises 304 rural youth in South Iran who were selected through a random sampling technique. The results reveal that perceived severity, perceived benefits, public health beliefs, perceived self-efficacy, and the cue to act positively and significantly affect preventive behaviors. The model explains 59% of variance changes in rural youth preventive behaviors during COVID-19. Cue to action is the strongest and self-efficacy was the weakest determinant of youth's preventive behavior. This study confirms that the HBM framework has appropriate predictive power and is an effective tool for investigating preventive behaviors during COVID-19. These results provide important policy implications for the development of policies that aim to avoid the further spread of COVID-19 between young citizens.

Contexto sociocultural y construcción de identidades en jóvenes de escuelas rurales / Sociocultural context and construction of identities in young people from rural schools

La investigación tiene como objetivo comprender la incidencia de los contextos socioculturales en la cons-trucción de identidades en jóvenes rurales, a través del análisis etnográfico hermenéutico del discurso en estudiantes y un profesor de una institución pública rural de Cundinamarca, Colombia. El estudio fue desarrollado desde un enfoque cualitativo, a través de la etnografía hermenéutica con estudio de caso, con la participación de 16 estudiantes con edades entre los 11 y 15 años, de sexto a noveno de educación básica secundaria, y 1 docente del modelo educativo telesecundaria. Se utilizaron instrumentos y técnicas de recolección de información cualitativas (el protocolo esperanzas y temores, la entrevista estructurada, los relatos de vida y la cartografía social). Los resultados muestran que los contextos socioculturales afectan la enseñanza, el aprendizaje y la construcción de identidades en los jóvenes rurales y que se requieren currículos contextualizados, construidos desde el reconocimiento de los territorios, la comprensión del entorno sociocultural y del trato diferenciado entre las poblaciones, según las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de cada persona, desde una mirada intercultural

The research aims to understand the incidence of sociocultural contexts in the construction of identities in rural youth, through the hermeneutical ethnographic analysis of discourse in students and a teacher in a rural public institution in Cundinamarca Colombia. The study was developed from a qualitative approach, through hermeneutic ethnography with a case study, with the participation of 16 students between the ages of 11 and 15 from sixth to ninth grade of basic secondary education and 1 teacher of the telesecondary educational model. Qualitative information collection tools and techniques were used (the Hopes and Fears protocol, the structured interview, life stories and social cartography). The results show how sociocultural contexts affect teaching, learning and identity construction in rural youth. Contextualized curricula are required, built from the recognition of the territories, the understanding of the sociocultural environment and the differential treatment between populations, according to the vulnerability conditions of each person and from an intercultural perspective

"The Real Cost" Smokeless campaign: changes in beliefs about smokeless tobacco among rural boys, a longitudinal randomized controlled field trial.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of current smokeless tobacco (SLT) use in 2019 among high school students was 4.8%, and the overall rate of SLT use was higher among high school boys (7.5%) than girls (1.8%). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched "The Real Cost" Smokeless media campaign in April 2016 to educate rural youth about the dangers of SLT use. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of "The Real Cost" Smokeless campaign. METHODS: We use a 3-year (Jan 2016 - Dec 2018) randomized controlled longitudinal field trial that consists of a baseline survey of boys and a parent/guardian and four follow-up surveys of the boys. The cohort includes 2200 boys who were 11 to 16 years old at baseline and lived in the rural segments of 30 media markets (15 treatment markets and 15 control). "The Real Cost" Smokeless campaign targets boys who are 12 to 17 years old in 35 media markets. It focuses primarily on graphic depictions of cosmetic and long-term health consequences of SLT use. The key outcome measures include beliefs and attitudes toward SLT that are targeted (explicitly or implicitly) by campaign messages. RESULTS: Using multivariate difference-in-difference analysis (conducted in 2019 and 2020), we found that agreement with 4 of the 11 explicit campaign-targeted belief and attitude measures increased significantly from baseline to post-campaign launch among boys 14 to 16 years old in treatment vs. control markets. Agreement did not increase for boys 11-13 years old in treatment vs. control markets and only increased for one targeted message for the overall sample. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that "The Real Cost" Smokeless campaign influenced beliefs and attitudes among older boys in campaign markets and that a campaign focused on health consequences of tobacco use can be targeted to rural boys, influence beliefs about SLT use, and potentially prevent SLT use.

Condición juvenil en tiempos de guerra: relatos desde la ruralidad colombiana / Youth condition in times of war: Stories from Colombian rurality (1995-2005) / Condição juvenil em tempos de guerra: relatos da ruralidade colombiana (1995-2005)

Resumen (analítico) El artículo analiza las implicaciones de la guerra en la configuración del ser joven rural en Colombia en La Merced (Caldas) y Vista Hermosa (Meta). Es una investigación cualitativa con enfoque narrativo, que indaga en las experiencias de tres sobrevivientes de la violencia entre los años 1995 y 2005, por medio de marcadores de juventud. De los resultados se desprende que la guerra trazó cursos de vida a los jóvenes rurales, como ser cultivadores de hoja de coca e integrantes de grupos armados, marcándose transiciones en las que se restringieron las capacidades para agenciar posibilidades de futuro fuera de los marcos de la guerra, pero también cursos de vida en resistencia vinculados a la acción colectiva con otros jóvenes.

Abstract (analytical) This article analyzes the implications of war in the configuration of rural youth in Colombia in La Merced, Caldas and Vista Hermosa, Meta. It describes qualitative research that uses a narrative approach to analyze the experiences of three survivors of violence between 1995 and 2005 through the telling of significant events that occurred during their youth. The results show that the war established specific life courses for rural youth, such as growing coca leaf and being a member of armed groups. These transitions demonstrate how their capacity to pursue possible life paths outside the frame-work of war were restricted, but also highlight life paths involving resistance to the war that were linked to collective action with other young people.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo analisa as implicações da guerra na configuração da juventude em zonas rurais da Colômbia, em La Merced, Caldas e Vista Hermosa, Meta. É uma pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem narrativa a partir da qual são analisadas as vivências de três sobreviventes de violência entre 1995 e 2005, por meio dos marcadores juvenis. Os resultados mostram que a guerra traçou rumos de vida para a juventude rural, como ser cultivadores de folha de coca e membros de grupos armados, marcando transições em que se restringiam as capacidades de encontrar possibilidades de futuro fora dos marcos da guerra, mas também, cursos de vida em resistência vinculados à ação coletiva com outros jovens.

Rural young males' acceptance & receptiveness to technology-based interventions for dating violence prevention: A qualitative descriptive study.

INTRODUCTION: Rural youth are twice as likely as urban youth to experience some forms of teen dating violence (TDV), and significant barriers to accessing support services for physical, psychological, sexual violence. However, rural youth remain understudied and undersampled. Rural young men, in particular, are at risk for experiencing or perpetrating dating violence influenced by regional and sociocultural risk factors that promote male supremacy ideals while also impeding male help-seeking. Technology-based interventions circumvent some of these risk factors by offering confidential and reliable support. This study investigates rural young males' acceptability of technology-based interventions for fostering healthy relationships and preventing dating abuse, including their preferences for intervention content and features. METHODS: Three online focus groups (n = 14) and phone interviews (n = 13) were conducted with rural young males. Participants were stratified by age (15-17 and 18-24 year-olds). Most were White (81%) from the United States Midwest (65%). Semi-structured interview data were analyzed using Qualitative Description (QD), guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). RESULTS: Three themes identified were (1) Scarcity of Useful Resources, (2) Socio-Structural Challenges for Intervention Uptake, with two subthemes (2a) Rural-Specific Structural Barriers and (2b) Rural Masculinity Disrupting Help-seeking; (3) Finally, participants discussed Functionality and Design Needs, itemizing their intervention "must-have" in terms of content, resources, and features. CONCLUSION: This qualitative study identified obstacles and facilitators to using technology-based interventions for dating violence prevention among young rural males and offers pragmatic "ready-to-use" recommendations for the development of technology-based anti-dating violence interventions for rural youth.

Nature as an Ecological Asset for Positive Youth Development: Empirical Evidence From Rural Communities.

Despite increasing emphasis on youth contact with nature and associated benefits, research has not examined the direct relationship between adolescents' nature-based experiences and holistic measures of positive youth development (PYD). This gap may stem from the lack of interdisciplinary work on nature and PYD. Our study integrates multiple disciplinary perspectives to explore direct associations between time in nature, connection to nature, and the five Cs of PYD (competence, connection, confidence, character, and caring) as well as the "sixth" C of contribution. From 2015 to 2016, we collected data from 587 diverse South Carolina middle school students (57% female, 40% BIPOC) between the ages of 11 and 14 (M age = 12.9) and living in predominantly low-income communities. OLS regression analyses indicated that across all youth, self-reported connection to nature was a consistent positive correlate of overall PYD and each of the individual Cs. Time in nature was associated with overall PYD and competence. Findings demonstrate significant associations between nature-based experiences and PYD and underscore the importance of ensuring that diverse youth can access and enjoy the developmental benefits of nature and nature-based recreation opportunities.

Acción colectiva juvenil rural: resistencia y re-existencia en tiempos de posacuerdo (Riosucio, Colombia) / Rural collective youth action: resistance and re-existance in the post peace agreement (Riosucio, Colombia) / Ação coletiva da juventude rural: Resistência e reexistência em Riosucio (Colômbia), em tempos de pós-acordo

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo recoge los hallazgos de una investigación sobre las prácticas de resistencia y re-existencia presentes en la acción colectiva juvenil desplegada en Riosucio (Caldas), zona rural afectada por el conflicto armado colombiano. Tuvo como objetivo analizar los modos en que la acción colectiva juvenil construye horizontes de paz en tiempos del posacuerdo. La investigación es cualitativa etnográfica e incorpora la etnografía visual; colaboraron cuatro colectivos juveniles con quienes además se elaboró una pieza fílmica documental. Como principales conclusiones se plantea: el surgimiento de los colectivos como apuesta a las violencias que reconocen en el territorio local y nacional, así como el potencial del arte como mecanismo de resistencia y re-existencia para la construcción de paz en lo rural, epicentro histórico de la guerra en la país.

Abstract (analytical) This article collects the findings of a research of the practices of resistance and re-existence present in the youth collective action deployed in Riosucio (Caldas), a rural area affected by the Colombian armed conflict. Its purpose was to analyze the ways in which collective action youth builds peaceful horizons in times of post-agreement. The research is qualitative ethnographic and incorporates visual ethnography; four youth collectives collaborated and also elaborated a documentary film material. The main conclusions are: the surge of these collectives as a wager to the multiple violences they recognize in their local and national territory, and the potential of art as means of resistance and re-existance for the construction of peace in the rural area, the historical epicenter of the war in the country.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo reúne os resultados de uma investigação sobre as práticas de resistência e de reexistên-cia presentes na ação coletiva juvenil implantada em Riosucio (Caldas), área rural afetada pelo conflito armado colombiano. Com o objetivo de analisar os modos de ação coletiva a juventude constrói horizontes de paz em tempos de pós-acordo. A pesquisa é qualitativa etnográfica e incorpora etnografia visual; Colaboraram quatro grupos de jovens com os quais também foi produzido um documentário. As principais conclusões são: a emergência dos grupos como aposta na violência que reconhecem no território local e nacional; e a potencialidade da arte como mecanismo de resistência e de reexistência para a construção da paz no campo, epicentro histórico da guerra no país.

Rural Communities and Violence.

Among US geographic regions classified as rural, death rates are significantly higher for children and teens as compared with their urban peers; the disparity is even greater for Alaskan Native/American Indian and non-Hispanic black youth. Violence-related injuries and death contribute significantly to this finding. This article describes the epidemiology of violence-related injuries, with a limited discussion on child abuse and neglect and an in-depth analysis of self-inflicted injuries including unintentional firearm injuries and adolescent suicide. Potential interventions are also addressed, including strategies for injury prevention, such as firearm safe storage practices.

Maternal Stress Moderates the Relationship of Food Insufficiency with Body Mass Index Trajectories from Childhood to Early Adulthood among U.S. Rural Youth.

Background: Findings on the relationships between household food insufficiency (HFI), maternal stress, and youth body mass index (BMI) are mixed, possibly due to cross-sectional study designs and measurement issues. Furthermore, little is known about how childhood exposure to HFI and maternal stress influences BMI into young adulthood among rural youth. We aimed to determine the independent and moderating relationships of HFI and maternal perceived stress on youth BMI trajectories from age 9 to 24 years. Methods: We used longitudinal data from rural New York youth (n = 341). At youth age 9 years, parents reported HFI using a reliable one-item measure, and mothers responded to the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; range: 0-40). BMI was calculated (kg/m2) from objective measures of height and weight at 9, 13, 17, and 24 years. Multivariate random-intercept trajectory models estimated the relationships of HFI and PSS on BMI trajectories (p < 0.05 for main effects, p < 0.10 for interactions). Results: At age 9 years, 16.4% experienced HFI and mean (standard deviation) BMI and PSS were 18.4 (3.6) kg/m2 and 7.7 (2.9), respectively. HFI and PSS were not associated with BMI trajectories (p = 0.18, p = 0.64, respectively), but their interaction was significant (p < 0.01). Each one-unit increase in PSS was associated with 0.6 (0.2) kg/m2 higher mean change in BMI trajectories for youth in food-insufficient, compared with food-sufficient, households. Conclusions: Higher levels of maternal stress in food-insufficient households may lead to greater increases in BMI from childhood to young adulthood. Public health interventions should simultaneously address parental stress and quality food access among low-income rural households.